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STARGAZERS TIMELINE 2IMIM 1582 CE Pope Gregory the 13th reforms the calendar. 1609 CE Galileo Galilei builds an astronomical telescope. He observes lunar craters. He observes Jupiter’s moons He observes Venusian phases. Johann Kepler formulates two laws. They deal with planetary motion. Planets follow an elliptical orbit. The planet’s star is at one focus. He draws a line between planets and stars. It sweeps equal areas during equal amounts of time. 1610 CE Three scientists independently discover sunspots. Christopher Scheiner observes them safely. He projects the Sun's image on a flat surface. Source NASA Speed Learning Format Carl Peterson Ó2005

Index Stargazers Timeline 2 444 Nasa Moon Phrases 1 333 Nasa Moon Phrases 2 333 Solar Flares 1 333 Sunspots 1 333 1618 CE Kepler formulates a third law. A planet’s year relates to the orbit’s axis. 1686 Isaac Newton publishes the “Principia.” It outlines the laws of motion and gravity. 1704 Isaac Newton publishes "Opticks." It describes his work with prisms. 1769 James Watt invents the modern steam engine. 1798 Henry Cavendish measures the force of gravity. 1806 William Congreve devises military rockets. 1807 Humphrey Davy uses electrolysis He isolates sodium.

NASA MOON PHRASES 1 Meaning Clusters The Moon is like a desert with plains, mountains, and valleys. It also has many craters, or holes. Craters are created when space objects hit the Moon's surface at a high speed. Recently water ice was discovered at the poles (or top and bottom) of the Moon. The ice is buried beneath some of the dust of the Moon's surface. Scientists think the ice may be left over from a comet that once collided with the Moon. We always see the same side of the Moon from Earth. You have to go into space to see the other side.

MEMORY TRIGGERS TEST The Moon______________________ __________________________desert _______________________________ _______________________________ and____________________________ _________________________craters ______________________________ Craters_________________________ _______________________________ hit______________________________ ___________________________speed. ____________________________ice _______________________________ _______________________________ ___________________top and bottom ________________________________ The ice__________________________ ________________________________ ____________________Moon’s surface. Scientists________________________ ________________________________ ___________________________comet ________________________________ __________________________Moon. _________________________________ _________________________same side _________________________________ from_____________________________ You have to go ________________________________ ________________________other side. Copyright 2005 Carl Peterson

NASA MOON PHRASES 2 Meaning Clusters The Moon travels around the Earth in an oval shaped orbit. There is no air to breathe on the Moon. Scientists think the Moon was formed long ago when Earth collided with another space object. The collision may have caused a big chunk of rocky material to be thrown into space to form the Moon. The Moon is a little lopsided. Its crust is thicker on one side than the other. The Moon is much smaller than the Earth. However, the pull of its gravity can still affect the Earth’s ocean tides.

MEMORY TRIGGERS TEST The Moon_______________________ _______________________________ ___________________________orbit. ___________________________no air ________________________________ ________________________________ Scientists________________________ ________________________________ _________________________collided ________________________________ The collision _______________________________ ________________________________ ______rocky______________________ ________________________________ ________________________the Moon. ________________________________ a little___________________________ Its crust__________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ __________________________smaller _________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________gravity ________________________________ the Earth’s________________________ Copyright 2005 Carl Peterson

SOLAR FLARES 1 Meaning Clusters Solar flares occur in the chromosphere. They are associated with regions of sunspot activity. During solar maximum solar flares occur at an average of one flare per week. Large events can last for hours. Impulsive events sometimes last a few seconds Solar flares heat solar gases. The abrupt release of energy contains ultraviolet light, x-ray and gamma radiation. Solar flares appear as a sudden brightening in a small area of the sun. The particles from a solar flare react with the Earth’s magnetosphere. Some particles enter the ionosphere. They produce auroras and affect communication systems.

MEMORY TRIGGERS TESTS Solar flares_________________________ ___________________________________ ____________regions_________________ ___________________________________ ________solar maximum______________ ___________________________________ Impulsive___________________________ ___________________________________ ____________heat____________________ ___________________________________ ________________energy_____________ ___________________________________ ______________brightening___________ ___________________________________ particles____________________________ ___________________________________ _________auroras____________________ ___________________________________ Source NASA Speed Learning format by Carl Peterson ©2005

SUNSPOTS 1 Meaning Clusters Sunspots are found in the photosphere of the sun. The ancient Chinese recorded sunspot data as early as 28 BC. Sunspots appear as dark spots on the sun. They follow an eleven year cycle. At solar maximum the Sun is more active with many sunspots. At solar minimum the sun is less active with few sunspots. Sunspots appear dark because they are cooler than surrounding areas. Strong magnetic fields inhibit the convection of heat by the sun. The dark center of a sunspot is called the umbra. The lighter area around the sunspot is called the penumbra. Sunspots appear near the solar equator, but never below 5 or above 40 degrees north and south latitude. Sunspots correlate with an increase in solar activity.

MEMORY TRIGGERS TESTS Sunspots____________________________ ___________________________________ ____________Chinese________________ ___________________________________ _______________follow_______________ ___________________________________ ____solar maximum__________________ ___________________________________ ____solar minimum__________________ ___________________________________ ___________________cooler___________ ___________________________________ _______magnetic____________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ _____________________________umbra ___________________________________ __________________________penumbra __________________equator___________ ___________________________________ Source NASA Speed Learning format by Carl Peterson ©2005