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STARGAZERS TIMELINE 3IMIM 1811 Amadeo Avogadro links gases and chemistry. His findings confirm matter’s atomic nature. 1820 Hans Christian Oersted observes electric currents. He notices their magnetic effect. Andre-Marie Ampere describes magnetism. It is the force between electric currents. 1833 Michael Faraday derives laws of electrical separation. He suggests that atoms contain electrical charges. 1835 Gaspard Coriolis describes mechanics in rotating frames. His laws include an extra force. The force exerts on moving objects. Source NASA Speed Learning Format Carl Peterson Ó2005

Index Stargazers Timeline 3 444 NASA Star Phrases 1 333 NASA Star Phrases 2 333 NASA Star Phrases 3 333 Life of Stars 1 333 1838 Friedrich Bessel measures the distance to a star. He uses the diameter of the Earth's orbit. 1840 Louis Agassiz publishes "Etudes sur les glaciers." He believes giant glaciers once covered Europe. 1843 James Prescott Joule studies energy exchange. He measures the rate between work and heat. Heinrich Schwabe observes the sunspot cycle. It seems to last 11 years. 1854 Hermann von Helmholtz proposes a theory. The Sun derives energy from gravitational shrinkage. 1855 James Clerk Maxwell theorizes vision uses 3-colors.

NASA STAR PHRASES 1 Meaning Clusters A star is a big ball of gas. It is not star-shaped. It is shaped like a ball. It gives off heat and light. Our Sun is a yellow star. You can tell how hot a star is by its color. Blue stars are the hottest stars. White stars are not as hot as blue stars. Yellow stars are not as hot as white stars. Orange stars are not as hot as yellow stars. Red stars are the coolest of them all.

MEMORT TRIGGERS TEST A star_____________________________ __________________________________ _________________________star-shaped. It is shaped __________________________________ It gives off __________________________________ Our Sun___________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ how hot____________________________ _______________________________color. Blue_______________________________ ___________________________________ White______________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________blue stars. Yellow_____________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________white stars. Orange____________________________ __________________________________ _________________________yellow stars. Red________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright 2005 Carl Peterson

NASA STAR PHRASES 2 Meaning Clusters A star is born in a nebula. A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust in space. Our Sun is a medium-sized star. There are other sizes of stars. A neutron star is very small. It is about as wide as a city. A dwarf star is about the size of Earth. A medium-sized star is about the same size as our Sun. A giant star is 10 to 100 times as big as our Sun. A supergiant star is more than 100 times bigger than our Sun.

MEMORY TRIGGERS TEST A star_____________________________ __________________________________ A nebula___________________________ __________________________________ Our Sun____________________________ ___________________________________ sizes_______________________________ A neutron___________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________city. A dwarf____________________________ ______________________________Earth. ____medium-sized___________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________Sun. A giant_____________________________ ________________________________Sun. A supergiant_________________________ ________________________________Sun. Copyright 2005 Carl Peterson

NASA STAR PHRASES 3 Meaning Phrases A supergiant star is more than 100 times bigger than our Sun. A supergiant can explode before it dies. Then it is called a supernova. A supernova will become one of two things. It may become a neutron star or a black hole. Our sun is a medium-sized star. It gives off energy we call solar energy. Our Sun will become a red giant when it dies. But don't wait for it to happen. It will be about 3 billion years.

MEMORY TRIGGERS TEST A supergiant________________________ __________________________________ 100 times__________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ ____________________________explode __________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________supernova. A supernova_________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________two things. It may become ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Our Sun_____________________________ ____________________________________ ____gives off_________________________ __________________________solar energy. Our Sun ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ________________________________dies. _____________don’t___________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________________ 3 billion______________________________ Copyright 2005 Carl Peterson

LIFE OF STARS 1 Meaning Clusters Stars like our Sun eventually run out of the lighter elements that feed fusion. The balance between nuclear fusion and gravity breaks down. Outer layers begin to expand and cool. The core compresses until the star is able to fuse helium. This type of star is called a red giant. When our sun becomes a red giant Mercury and Venus will be consumed. The amount of time between a star’s birth and its red giant stage depends on the stars original mass. When 20% of the star’s original mass remains the inward pull of gravity shrinks it into a white dwarf. These stars become cold and dark.

MEMORY TRIGGERS Sun________________________________ ___________________________________ balance_____________________________ ___________________________________ Outer layers________________________ ___________________________________ core________________________________ ___________________________________ red giant___________________________ ___________________________________ birth_______________________________ ___________________________________ 20%_______________________________ ___________________________________ gravity_____________________________ ___________________________________ stars_______________________________ ___________________________________ Source NASA Speed Learning format by Carl Peterson ©2005