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NUCLEAR AGE TIMELINE 1 Meaning Phrases (source U.S. Department of Energy) 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovers x-rays. 1898 Marie Curie discovers the radioactive elements radium and polonium. 1905 Albert Einstein develops theory about the relationship of mass and energy. 1911 Georg von Hevesy conceives the idea of using radioactive tracers. 1927 Herman Blumgart uses radioactive tracers to diagnose heart disease. 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman demonstrate nuclear fission. 1939 Albert Einstein informs President Roosevelt of German atomic research. Roosevelt forms a special committee to investigate atomic research. 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. The United States enters World War II.

1942 The Manhattan Project secretly builds the atomic bomb. Robert Oppenheimer is named director of Los Alamos atomic bomb laboratory Fermi demonstrates a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Clinton Engineer Works is built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. It is renamed the Oak Ridge National Laboratory after World War II. 1943 The Clinton Pile plutonium production reactor begins operation. 1944 The Hanford Site built in Richland, Washington produces plutonium. 1945 Yalta Summit ratifies a divided postwar Europe. U.S. troops liberate Buchenwald. Germany surrenders. United States explodes the first atomic device near Alamagordo, New Mexico. United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders.

ENERGY Meaning Clusters Energy is the ability to move and change matter. Two main types: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Potential energy is stored energy. A rock on a cliff easily switches back and forth. Heat is kinetic energy as thermal energy. Food is potential energy as chemical energy. Nuclear energy is the loss of particles. Mass is reduced. Kinetic energy is released.

MEMORY TRIGGERS TEST Energy is____________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Two________________________________ ____________________________________ Kinetic______________________________ ____________________________________ Potential_____________________________ ____________________________________ rock on a cliff_________________________ ____________________________________ Heat________________________________ ____________________________________ Food________________________________ ____________________________________ chemical_____________________________ ____________________________________ Nuclear______________________________ ____________________________________ reduced_____________________________ ____________________________________ released______________________________ ____________________________________ Copyright 2005 Carl Peterson

MATTER 1 Meaning Clusters Particles found in our hair and skin made planets, stars and galaxies. The Big Bang created stars of lighter elements like hydrogen and helium. Nuclear fusion in these stars combined lighter elements into heavier atoms, ions and isotopes. Exploding stars or supernovas produce the elements heavier than iron. By the 1930’s science concluded that atoms were made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic properties can be determined by the amount and arrangement of these particles. Protons carry a positive electrical charge. Neutrons are neutral. Electrons have a negative charge equal in magnitude to a proton’s charge. But a proton has 2000 times more mass.

Memory Triggers Particles____________________________ ___________________________________ Big Bang___________________________ ___________________________________ Nuclear fusion_______________________ ___________________________________ supernovas__________________________ ___________________________________ atoms______________________________ ___________________________________ properties__________________________ ___________________________________ Protons_____________________________ ___________________________________ Neutrons___________________________ ___________________________________ Electrons___________________________ ___________________________________ Source UCAR Speed Edited format by Carl Peterson ©2005

MATTER 2 Meaning Clusters The identity of an element depends on the number of protons. Hydrogen has one proton. Isotopes depend on the number of neutrons. Hydrogen has no neutrons. Deuterium a hydrogen isotope has one neutron. Neutrons affect atomic mass. “Heavy water” is water made of deuterium isotopes instead of hydrogen. Ions depend on the number of electrons. Hydrogen has one electron. Hydrogen ions have extra or fewer electrons. Fewer electrons give the ion a positive charge. Extra electrons give the ion a negative charge.

Memory Triggers Particles____________________________ ___________________________________ Big Bang___________________________ ___________________________________ Nuclear fusion_______________________ ___________________________________ supernovas__________________________ ___________________________________ atoms______________________________ ___________________________________ properties__________________________ ___________________________________ Protons_____________________________ ___________________________________ Neutrons___________________________ ___________________________________ Electrons___________________________ ___________________________________ Source UCAR Speed Edited format by Carl Peterson ©2005

Pierre Curie 1859—1906 French physicist Educated at home equivalent of a college degree by age 18 Delayed doctoral studies because of lack of funds Pioneer in study of crystallography magnetism piezoelectricity radioactivity Demonstrated that compressing crystals gives electric potential and crystals change in electric field Basis of digital electronic circuits using crystal oscillators Designed and built torsion balance for measuring magnetism “Curie’s law”: effect of temperature on paramagnetism “Curie point”: temperature transition point for magnetic behavior With wife Marie isolated polonium and radium Discovered nuclear energy emission of radiation alpha, beta, gamma Nobel Prize in physics 1903 with wife Marie and Henri Becquerel The curie, unit of radioactivity named for him

MEMORY TRIGGERS French__________________________________ _______________________________________ physicist________________________________ _______________________________________ magnetism______________________________ _______________________________________ crystals_________________________________ _______________________________________ oscillators_______________________________ _______________________________________ Curie’s law______________________________ _______________________________________ Curie point______________________________ _______________________________________ radium_________________________________ _______________________________________ nuclear energy___________________________ _______________________________________ radiation________________________________ _______________________________________ Nobel Prize______________________________ _______________________________________ curie___________________________________ _______________________________________