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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY Copyright 2002 By Carl H. Peterson All rights reserved. LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300 to 1450) Between Rome and modern world. Church and monarchy two main forces. 1300s to 1500s: Black Death (bubonic plague) ravaged Europe. Catholic Church corrupt: Simony was selling of offices for profit. Indulgences sold to “guarantee” salvation. 14^th Century: Wycliffe criticized clergy in England. Translated Bible into English Huss rejected papal authority: was burned at stake. Pope held captive in Avignon by French king. Church divided until 1401 between Rome and France.

INDEX 45 minutes audio Petersonlibrary.com European history, p1-2 Joan of Arc Florence Renaissance timeline 1 Albertus Magnus Hundred Years War: England and France; 1337 to 1453. English won at Agincourt but lost the war and lands in France. Joan of Arc led French troops: captured by English and burned. English parliament grew stronger as taxation increased. Gained right to approve king’s taxes. In France nobles and clergy exempt from tax; no parliament existed. Age of Chaucer in England; Age of Villon in France.

Joan of Arc or Jeanne d’Arc 1412—1431 Also called Maid of Orléans National heroine of France and Catholic saint Born in Lorraine in NE France during Hundred Years’ War between France and England Northern France was occupied by England and Burgundian allies French king Charles VI died 1422 treaty passed kingship to Henry VI of England, bypassing French heir the Dauphin Charles Jeanne claimed to hear voices of saints telling her to free France and restore throne to Dauphin Traveled to Chinon met Charles agreed to let her help Orléans a city under siege by English Won victory at Orléans then at Patay and Troyes Natural leader, earned respect and love of her soldiers Charles crowned Charles VII 1429 Captured 1430 tried for heresy burned at stake by English Retried at order of Pope Callixtus III sentence overturned 1456 declared a martyr Beatified 1909 canonized saint 1920

MEMORY TRIGGERS Maid of Orléans___________________ _________________________________ Lorraine_________________________ _________________________________ Hundred Years’ War______________ _________________________________ England_________________________ _________________________________ Burgundian______________________ _________________________________ Dauphin Charles__________________ _________________________________ voices___________________________ _________________________________ Chinon__________________________ _________________________________ heresy___________________________ _________________________________ burned at stake___________________ _________________________________ saint____________________________ _________________________________ Copyrighted 2005 by Carl Peterson

FLORENCE RENAISSANCE TIMELINE 1 1400 The Medici family of merchants and bankers rises to power in Florence. Although no member of the family holds an official title until the sixteenth century their wealth and influence grant them virtual rule of Florence. Throughout the period they dominate the political, commercial and cultural life of the city. Under their patronage Florence becomes a center of humanist learning. Arts inspired by classical antiquity flourish in this period. 1403 Florentine sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti wins a commission for the bronze doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence. Many assistants in his workshop become great masters such as Michelozzo and Donatello.

1406 The republic of Pisa falls to Florentine rule. 1411 Donatello begins sculpting “Saint Mark” and “Saint George” for the guildhall of Orsanmichele in Florence. The “Saint Mark” conveys a realistic sense of mass and stands in a contrapposto pose. The “Saint George” depicts a warrior youth clearly inspired by classical ideals. Donatello pioneers schiacciato, a technique of carving in shallow relief. It uses perspective to produce an illusion of spatial depth. 1413 Filippo Brunelleschi develops systems of linear perspective and proportion. They are demonstrated by two panels depicting the Palazzo della Signoria and the Baptistery in Florence. Source NGA Speed Learning format by Carl Peterson ©2005

Albertus Magnus 1193—1280 Also known as Saint Albert the Great and “Doctor Universalis” Dominican friar considered greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages The first medieval scholar to apply Aristotle’s philosophy to Christian thought Lectured at Cologne received doctorate in Paris became head of Dominicans Defended Dominicans against secular faculty at University of Paris Commented on Averroes the Arabian philosopher Read, interpreted, systematized all of Aristotle’s works, Latin translations and notes of Arabian commentators His philosophical works arranged according to Aristotle’s sciences Considerable knowledge of the physical sciences very accurate for the times Mentioned and admired by Dante as lover of wisdom Laid foundation for much of scientific research to follow

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